Fukuyama’s claim was not that conflict would cease in the future, but that significant challengers to western liberalism, democracy and market economies seemed to be mostly absent with the collapse of communism. Fukuyama theorized that because western liberalism addressed the need for “recognition,” meaning participatory democracy for the individual, and because free markets were the best engine for prosperity, new challengers to liberalism and capitalism were unlikely to arise in the West or anywhere else. “Moreover, the logic of modern natural science would seem to dictate a universal evolution in the direction of capitalism,” wrote Fukuyama in his 1992 book.
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