Bennett then moved toward freer trade, not because retaliation had forced the Americans to capitulate, but because the costs and limitations of protectionism had finally become apparent and political change in the United States created a new opportunity for negotiated liberalization. Indeed, in 1932, Hoover was voted out. His successor, Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt, appointed Cordell Hull, one of America’s most steadfast defenders of free trade, to secretary of state.
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